![]() Biochemical oxygen demand – Oxygen needed to remove organics from water.As with all colorimetric methods blanks are used to control for contamination by outside material. After a refluxing digestion step, the initial concentration of organic substances in the sample is calculated from a titrimetric or spectrophotometric determination of the oxidant still remaining in the sample. In these methods, a fixed volume with a known excess amount of the oxidant is added to a sample of the solution being analyzed. Of these, potassium dichromate ( K 2Cr 2O 7) has been shown to be the most effective: it is relatively cheap, easy to purify, and is able to nearly completely oxidize almost all organic compounds. Since then, other oxidizing agents such as ceric sulphate, potassium iodate, and potassium dichromate have been used to determine COD. This indicated that potassium permanganate was not able to effectively oxidize all organic compounds in water, rendering it a relatively poor oxidizing agent for determining COD. Potassium permanganate's effectiveness at oxidizing organic compounds varied widely, and in many cases biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) measurements were often much greater than results from COD measurements. Measurements were called oxygen consumed from permanganate, rather than the oxygen demand of organic substances. įor many years, the strong oxidizing agent potassium permanganate ( K Mn O 4) was used for measuring chemical oxygen demand. For example, in Switzerland, a maximum oxygen demand between 2 mg/L must be reached before waste water or industrial water can be returned to the environment. Many governments impose strict regulations regarding the maximum chemical oxygen demand allowed in waste water before they can be returned to the environment. The table also lists chemicals that may be used to eliminate such interference, and the compounds formed when the inorganic molecule is eliminated. The following table lists a number of other inorganic substances that may cause interference. Prior to the addition of other reagents, mercuric sulfate can be added to the sample to eliminate chloride interference. The amount of oxygen required to oxidize an organic compound to carbon dioxide, ammonia, and water is given by:Ĭ n H a O b N c + ( n + a 4 − b 2 − 3 4 c ) O 2 → n CO 2 + ( a 2 − 3 2 c ) H 2 O + c NH 3 The basis for the COD test is that nearly all organic compounds can be fully oxidized to carbon dioxide with a strong oxidizing agent under acidic conditions. COD is useful in terms of water quality by providing a metric to determine the effect an effluent will have on the receiving body, much like biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). The most common application of COD is in quantifying the amount of oxidizable pollutants found in surface water (e.g. A COD test can be used to easily quantify the amount of organics in water. It is commonly expressed in mass of oxygen consumed over volume of solution which in SI units is milligrams per litre ( mg/ L). In environmental chemistry, the chemical oxygen demand ( COD) is an indicative measure of the amount of oxygen that can be consumed by reactions in a measured solution. Measure of the amount of oxygen that can be consumed by reactions in a solution
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![]() ![]() Players have the opportunity to pursue romantic relationships with a diverse range of eligible bachelors and bachelorettes. If, by the end of Winter Day 10 in the first year, the player has not proposed to any of the three girls, the girl with the highest total heart count will take the initiative and propose marriage to the player. Timing the proposal correctly is crucial, as attempting to propose earlier may result in the girl becoming upset and rejecting the proposal. This special item is meant to be used when the girl’s affection reaches four hearts, indicating a strong connection, in order to propose marriage. ![]() When a player successfully reaches a level of three hearts with one of the eligible girls, the Harvest Sprites will reward them with a Blue Feather. The affection of a potential romantic partner can be determined by their Heart Meter, which can be accessed by checking the diary of the girl the player is pursuing. It is important to note that only NPCs with hearts displayed below their character profiles are eligible for romance and marriage. Players can offer the Blue Feather to propose marriage once a character’s affection reaches the high red section, indicating a strong bond. By checking the relationship menu, players can gauge the affection levels of the non-playable characters (NPCs) towards them. Story of Seasons A Wonderful Life Marriage Guide & Blue FeatherĪt a certain point, the Harvest Sprites will present the player with a Blue Feather, a symbolic item used for proposals. Failing to make a choice will result in the game making the decision for the player. The primary objective is simple: players must choose a spouse from the residents of Forgotten Valley by the end of the first year. Pursuing marriage is a necessary aspect of the game, and the diverse and endearing personalities of the marriage candidates make it challenging to not develop feelings for at least one of them. With eight potential marriage candidates, there are ample chances to develop these relationships. If this guide helped you, you should check out our massive list of SoS AWL guides.In the game “Story of Seasons: A Wonderful Life,” players have the opportunity to engage in romantic relationships within the charming setting of Forgotten Valley. Once you have learned about the likes and dislikes of Bachelor and Bachelorette, you can now make choices based on it to trigger heart events in the Story of Seasons A Wonderful Life.
![]() It's a skill she’ll likely need if she ever owns a house, and it’s an excellent way for her to help her parents as she grows older. The dad seemed to be a good parent by teaching his stepdaughter how to mow the lawn. She did the whole yard and I’m quite proud of her.” She did really well ( little worried she would lose control of the mower since she is still short but my fears were unfounded). She is bigger now and stronger so we had our first lesson on cutting the grass and how a lawnmower works. When she did turn ten I did start teaching her her more hands-off stuff since she was small. I started both of them when they were about 10,” he wrote. "The two oldest are guys, and I taught both of them stereotypical guy chores, fixing cars, cutting grass… etc. Key_Effective_2260 is the father of four stepchildren, ages 8 to 15, and their biological father is out of the picture. ![]() He took the question to the Reddit AITA subforum to determine if he was right, and the responses were all in his favor. Never underestimate the vast power of an online community! “My favorite thing about this whole thread was reading the stories of why these items meant so much to the owner, seeing how the loss left scars, and getting to see hundreds of people come together to heal these childhood hearts.” 400 people got to feel the same flood of relief and nostalgia rush over them the way I did,” said Moon. At last count, I believe there were around 400 lost items found. “It was truly astounding to see how much effort and time people took out of their own lives to help someone find an object that held so much significance to them. It turned into a mega thread boasting over 7,000 comments, with members posting items they were looking for-everything from dinosaurs to baby blankets-and getting multiple replies in return asking, “is this it?” Later, she posted a thank you in the group that ended with the postscript: Feel free to use my post to describe childhood toys you lost and wished you could find copies of, maybe the group will work its magic for others. After giving a description of her beloved blue dog, another member of the group posted a link to an exact replica for $30! Moon purchased it immediately. Reading through the comments, she realized that one of the 2.8 million members recognized the item: her husband’s aunt was the Aunt Tootie, and the toy had once belonged to him! What were the chances? The group sprang into action, bought the toy, and shipped it to the original owner.īolstered by this, Moon expressed to the group how happy she was to see the item returned to its original owner, and shared how she’d searched the internet high and low for her own lost item. She found a community of like-minded people on social media who enjoyed sharing their “ weird and wonderful second hand finds.” One day, as she was scrolling through the posts, she spotted something that caught her eye: a knitted toy with a personalized label on the arm, created by someone’s Aunt Tootie. In the back of her mind, she was always thinking about her dog and wondering where it ended up. As an adult, she enjoyed perusing thrift stores and admiring second hand items that once belonged to other people. Years passed, but Moon never forgot her toy. That stuffed animal went everywhere she went for years, until one devastating day when she lost him at a local fair. It was such an integral part of her life that her grandfather would carry it around when she couldn’t-he could always be counted on to be in the stands at her basketball games, holding up the dog to cheer for her. The stuffed animal brought her security and comfort. Her grandfather eventually recovered, and from that day forward she was never without her dog. She immediately dialed 9-1-1, and when the emergency responders who arrived on the scene recognized how traumatized she was after witnessing the event, they consoled her with a blue stuffed dog. ![]() One day when they were home alone, he suffered a massive heart attack. Moon was raised by her grandfather, who struggled with chronic health problems. For Mavis Moon, however, social media is what helped reunite her with a long-lost family member: a blue, stuffed toy dog. Sometimes, that connection can restore old relationships or begin new ones. Many of us associate connection with social media: connection to the world, to friends and family, and perhaps even to others who share their ideas and hobbies. ![]() ![]() You can call this service to learn exactly what companies in your area offer exact same day dentures just in case you do need to go through such a procedure. If you need to go through an extraction, you may be eligible to have partial dentures put in the locations where your natural teeth have actually been gotten rid of. In fact, your discomfort may stem from knowledge teeth that have not yet been eliminated. ![]() Similarly, if you have a tooth that continuously provides you a toothache, you might ask your company about having it pulled or fitted with caps or crowns. For instance, if you establish an infection that you can not get rid of with over the counter pain relievers or perhaps prescription antibiotics, it might be time for you to speak with your company about an emergency root canal. Together with regular geriatric oral care, nevertheless, you may occasionally require restorative services that call for treatments like specialty care. As soon as you are established as a client, you can undergo the best dental take care of senior citizens in Indianapolis that will keep you healthy and productive for several years to come. Rather than wait on when you need emergency dental services like a tooth extraction for a broken tooth or partial implants for whole sections of missing teeth, you can call this service now and be connected with your local oral center for senior citizens in Indianapolis. Even if you just suffer sometimes from dry mouth, dark teeth, or reduced taste, you can still benefit by establishing yourself as a client with somebody who concentrates on senior dental care in Indianapolis, IN. ![]() Routine oral look after elders can also be vital in warding off gum disease and the issues that occur from it, such as thrush, sensitivity, and gingivitis. Going to routine check-ups and going through regular treatments like cleanings and tooth fillings can help you prevent establishing more severe complications like denture-induced stomatitis and root decay later. In fact, dental procedures for elders can offer the preventative services you need to keep your natural teeth and gum tissues, if you do not yet have dentures or oral implants. In fact, you might require a dental practitioner who can do a screening and determine what precise oral health problems you could be dealing with right now. Geriatric ServicesAs mentioned, people in your age group normally deal with special dental requirements that go beyond general care. You can access it 24/7, even on the weekends and on holidays. This recommendation service is available to you anytime at no charge. If you uncertain of where the nearby dental center for senior citizens in Indianapolis is located, you can call this free 24 hour oral recommendation service to get the names of service providers who offer the very best dental look after senior citizens in Indianapolis. In fact, your particular age demographic frequently faces unique oral requirements that can best be satisfied by dentist who specializes in senior dental care in Indianapolis, IN. That you have actually reached your senior years and have retired from working does not imply that you ought to let your oral care lapse. Regular oral care should be an important part of your health care routines, regardless of your age. ![]() ![]() However, some have suggested that the galaxy-brained controller should lose her ability to take back stars, forcing her to think more carefully about where she puts them. How to fix Astra in Valorant Screenshot by Koh Wanzi/ONE EsportsĪstra’s entire theme is built around the galaxy and cosmos, so it makes sense to still allow her to set down global smokes, stuns, and pulls. However, communication is a given in competitive play, which may be why she feels so oppressive. That said, she requires constant communication with her team to maximize her impact, so she may not seem all that overpowered in regular competitive matches, particularly in the lower ranks. What’s more, she is very reliable to use and players don’t have to learn any lineups. Her stars can be placed and activated quickly, so she doesn’t have to rely on predicting an opponent’s play and can respond on the fly. When going up against the cosmic controller, teams are often forced to wait over 30 seconds for her to exhaust her utility before executing a push. Sentinels’ in-game leader, Shahzeb “ShahZaM” Khan, has also said that she ruins the viewer experience because of how much she slows down each round. 100T Hiko: ‘Yoru rework isn’t good and he won’t be meta’.The best Valorant settings for performance, according to a Riot dev.On the other hand, Astra’s Nebula smokes can be set down globally, and they offer cover in an instant. Omen’s Dark Cover smokes have a travel delay built-in, and Brimstone is significantly limited by the range of his Sky Smokes. Screenshot by Koh WanziĪstra stands out among other controllers like Omen and Brimstone. Playing against Astra means that you need to have an entire game plan to bait out her utility, according to dapr, a sign that the Ghanaian agent may require balancing. Sentinels’ Michael “dapr” Gulino chimed in as well, saying that there is effectively “no counter-play” to Astra’s Gravity Well, which pulls players toward the center before exploding and debuffing them. “Astra ruined Valorant,” tweeted OpTic Gaming’s Pujan “FNS” Mehta in early February. ![]() Pro players think Astra needs to be better balanced Screenshot by Koh Wanzi Since her introduction last March, she has gradually made her way into the pro meta, and more than a few pro players are unhappy about the impact she has on the game. Her stars also cannot be destroyed, making her incredibly effective at slowing or shutting down fast pushes. With her ability to set down global smokes and stun or pull enemies across the map, Astra can have a huge influence on gameplay outcomes, regardless of her positioning. But she may just be a little too powerful, and Valorant pros think something needs to change. Ghanaian controller Astra wields the power of the cosmos to control the battlefield. ![]() The present researchers are focusing on cardiorespiratory, temperature, blood pressure, transcutaneous oxygen, and carbon dioxide monitoring. According to them, any baby born before 37 weeks comes under the category of a premature baby 2. concentrated on presenting incubator systems with prime biological parameters, analysis techniques and modes of transmission of the information. The continuous real-time monitoring of the babies reduces the death rate and other complications. They provide the necessary vital statistics of the toddlers, such as heart rate.Īccording to the literature, a neonatal incubator is a place of enclosed equipment where premature babies can be kept in a controlled, safe, clean, caring and observation-based environment. One has to rely on the sensing and actuation-based systems inside the incubators. The major problem with premature babies is that they cannot express their problems. The central system required for such babies is a controlled temperature and humidity environment with proper oxygen. ![]() They may have breathing troubles, infections, the effect of gestational diabetes, jaundice, the trauma of a long or stressful delivery, suffering from a surgical procedure, respiratory misery syndrome, hypoglycemia, or sepsis. Premature babies require proper time to develop their organs. In section VI, the conclusion of the paper is discussed. Section II describes the literature survey of incubators, and section III focuses on developing IoT-based incubators, section IV discusses the incubator system procedure, and section V discusses the results. The rest of the paper is organized in the following manner. The present work focuses on such an incubator with all the above-mentioned features. The aim is to build incubators which are safe, secure, and have multiple features. Presently, much research is going on to develop intelligent and multi-featured incubators. These alternate arrangements provide a mother's womb-like environment for premature babies. The possible solution to overcome this problem comes after the use of incubators. And the few initial days are critical for them-the reason for this large number of deaths in the child's premature birth. According to a report, 2.4 million infant deaths were reported globally in 2020 during the first month after birth 1. The initial 28 days are very crucial in neonatal life. The developed system can also be used for point-of-care applications while sending the incubator's data in real-time to the parents-hospitals. The developed incubator is affordable and suitable for countries and working parents in resource-poor settings. In addition, the device shows all the ambient sensor data, humidity and the Peltier status on the prototype and the user's smart mobile application. The developed prototype shows promising results in attaining the set temperature within 2 to 3 minutes. The developed prototype was tested in real-time using IoT. The proportional, integral and derivative (PID) algorithm was used to control the incubator chamber temperature. The incubator environment controlling feature is also there, and it is implemented with a Peltier-based device that can cool and heat the incubator chamber. The information about the incubator ambient evironment status goes to the doctor, nurse, or family member through the internet with the help of ThingSpeak, an open IoT platform for necessary action. Integrating internet of things (IoT) technology with incubators is the main feature of our developed prototype. ![]() Furthermore, the applications of incubators and the conditions affecting new-early babies are also discussed in the paper. In this paper, we have discussed the development of incubators till now. The incubators are the critical components of hospitals to save premature babies. ![]() This game is so refreshing and I hope you consider giving it another short with maybe a little bit of a more open mind. Every game is different so it's rogue like in that regard. I've been playing random on council and the tech/perks are always different. I think the tutorial does a good job in illustrating this but that's me.Īs for objective, it's making smarter decisions with the tech and council you rolled and getting high scores + improving your play. Focus on building up your initial core group before expanding or getting science going as that also adds an upkeep cost. If you expand too rapidly while only have barely established planets you will bleed out as you take on upkeep costs as you grow. Yes a refund is a good idea, but really? thats your answer to "I cant understand how to play!" nice. Just being able to explain HOW to make money? shouldn't be that hard. But if *you* the developer cant explain it? well that is obvious because the game is simply not 'working' now. Originally posted by eklos:New concepts are fine - its a rouge - puzzler. If not, try only settling new planets after determining where that new planet will export to. Once you have a few planets settled try holding alt while mousing over all of them to see if there are any easy connections you missed. You make money by exporting to planets (not labs, labs are money sinks for research). The dev's job is to make the game, not explain it. One of the best games I've ever played and I'm not the only one with that opinion. New concepts are fine - its a rouge - puzzler. And yet, most places insist on having a genre set for the game, so "strategy" it is, since that's the best fit in my mind. It has a lot of 4X inspirations that make many 4X fans enjoy it, but it is definitely not a classical 4X by any means. It has elements of many genres, but it's neither a straight-up strategy game, nor a management game, and not a straight-up puzzle, despite having puzzle-y elements. ![]() One of the hardest things about making Slipways is explaining it, since it's really a new concept. It might be that it just isn't for you, and that's OK - we're happy if you refund it in that case. Your planets govern themselves while you focus on making the right de.Originally posted by krajzeg:Hi that you feel unhappy about the game. In Slipways, every action you take has immediate consequences, and every choice you make is of paramount importance. The result is a unique blend of the strategy and puzzle genres in which you can finish a run quickly, but still have a deep experience full of tough decisions. No need for war with so much empty universe to claim.FASTER THAN LIGHTForget about tedious micromanagement and waiting for ships to be built. Slipways takes the space grand strategy genre and condenses the best parts of it down by throwing away all the micromanagement and the steep learning curve. It's all about exploring space and its endless opportunities, shaping it to your whim and developing it to its full potential. The game is more relaxed than your typical grand strategy. Make long-term plans and bask in your own glory when that one last connection makes six planets upgrade at the same time and gives you the income you desperately need.There is no military aspect to pull your focus away from the economy. Line everything up just right and watch your colonies evolve and grow, giving you even more options for profitable trade. ![]() MAKE TRADE, NOT WARColonize planets, carefully pick industries and hook everything up so that your planets support each other. ![]() Processing profiles support via sidecar files with the ability to fully and partially load, save and copy profiles between images.Raw files from X-Trans sensors have the 3-pass, 1-pass and fast demosaicing methods at their disposal.Bayer demosaicing algorithms: AMaZE, IGV, LMMSE, EAHD, HPHD, VNG4, DCB, AHD, fast or mono, as well as none.These snapshots are not written to the sidecar file and are subsequently lost once the photo has been closed, however work is underway on migrating the PP3 sidecar system to XMP which already supports storing snapshots. There is also the possibility of taking multiple snapshots of the history queue allowing for various versions of the image being shown. All adjustments are reflected in the history queue and the user can revert any of the changes at any time. A color histogram is also present offering linear and logarithmic scales and separate R, G, B and L channels. While the image is opened for editing, the user is provided with a preview window with pan and zoom capabilities. The Editor tab is where the user tweaks photos. Alternatively, it can be used to process photos alongside tweaking new ones if one has a CPU capable of handling the workload. The queue tab allows one to put exporting photos on hold until done adjusting them in the Editor, so that the CPU is fully available to the user while tweaking a photo, instead of processing photos while the user is trying to tweak new ones which could result in a sluggish interface. It can be used to apply a profile, or parts of a profile, to a whole selection of photos in one operation.Ī toolbox alongside the file browser allows for batch image adjustments. The browser includes 5-star rating, flagging, and an Exif-based filter. The file browser shows photo thumbnails along with a caption of the shooting information metadata. RawTherapee provides the user with a file browser, a queue, a panel for batch image adjustments, a 1:1 preview of the embedded JPEG image in the case of raw files, and an image editing tab. Thus, RawTherapee supports all the formats supported by dcraw. RawTherapee uses a patched version of dcraw code to read and parse raw formats, with additional tweaks and constraints to parameters such as white levels and the raw crop area based on in-house measurements. It also supports common non-raw image formats like JPEG, PNG and TIFF as well as high dynamic range, 16/24/32-bit raw DNG images. RawTherapee supports most raw formats, including Pentax Pixel Shift, Canon Dual-Pixel, and those from Foveon and X-Trans sensors. Īll the internal processing is done in a high precision 32-bit floating point engine. These adjustments are then applied during the export process. Adjustments made by the user are immediately reflected in the preview image, though they are not physically applied to the opened image but the parameters are saved to a separate sidecar file. RawTherapee involves the concept of non-destructive editing, similar to that of some other raw conversion software. ![]() The name "Therapee" was originally an acronym derived from "The Experimental Raw Photo Editor". ![]() It is written in C++, using a GTK+ front-end and a patched version of dcraw for reading raw files. RawTherapee was originally written by Gábor Horváth of Budapest, Hungary, and was re-licensed as free and open-source software under the GNU General Public License Version 3 in January 2010. It is cross-platform, with versions for Microsoft Windows, macOS and Linux. It is notable for the advanced control it gives the user over the demosaicing and developing process. ![]() It comprises a subset of image editing operations specifically aimed at non-destructive post-production of raw photos and is primarily focused on improving a photographer's workflow by facilitating the handling of large numbers of images. RawTherapee is application software for processing photographs in raw image formats, as created by many digital cameras. ![]() Internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements, which have a length of several hundred base pairs, allow expression of multiple genes in one mRNA. When vectors get fragmented, the mRNA unit would be incomplete and no genes would be expressed. Tricistronic vectors that express LC, HC, and selection marker genes in one mRNA are able to alleviate the above problems of traditional vectors. Having HC in excess can cause ER stress and proteasome overloading, creating a burden to the cell machinery and can inhibit cell proliferation. The ratio of LC:HC expression can also affect mAb qualities such as aggregation and glycosylation. It has been demonstrated that expression of LC in excess was beneficial for mAb expression –. LC is required to facilitate the folding and release of HC from BiP to form a complete IgG monomer. The other disadvantage is the lack of control over the ratio of LC:HC expression. One disadvantage of such designs is that vector fragmentation could result in non-expressing clones surviving drug selection. Each gene is under the control of its own promoter and transcribed separately. ![]() CHO DG44 cells are commonly used due to their compatibility with dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), an amplifiable selection marker. mAbs are commonly produced by stable transfection of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with the HC, LC and selection marker on either one or two separate vectors –. Most mAbs in the market are immunoglobulin G (IgG) consisting of two identical heavy chain (HC) and two identical light chain (LC) polypeptides assembled via disulfide bridges. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are currently the fastest growing class of biotherapeutic molecules. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: This work was supported by the Biomedical Research Council/Science and Engineering Research Council of A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore. Received: NovemAccepted: ApPublished: May 21, 2013Ĭopyright: © 2013 Ho et al. Jude Children's Hospital, United States of America (2013) Comparison of Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) and Furin-2A (F2A) for Monoclonal Antibody Expression Level and Quality in CHO Cells. The results obtained will be beneficial for designing vectors that enhance mAb expression level and quality in mammalian cells.Ĭitation: Ho SCL, Bardor M, Li B, Lee JJ, Song Z, Tong YW, et al. Arrangement of LC as the first cistron in the IRES-mediated tricistronic vectors exhibits increased mAb expression level, better growth, and minimized product aggregation, while arrangement of HC as first cistron results in low expression, slower growth, and high aggregation. Both IRES-mediated tricistronic vectors express mAb with correct sizes and signal peptide cleavage. LC and HC from the F2A stably transfected pools were not properly processed, giving rise to LC+F2A+HC or HC+F2A+LC fusion proteins, LC and HC polypeptides with F2A remnants, and incorrectly cleaved signal peptides. Further analysis revealed that more than 40% of products detected in stably transfected pools generated using the two F2A-mediated tricistronic vectors were aggregates. When using mAb quantification methods based on the detection antibodies against HC Fc region, F2A-mediated tricistronic vectors appeared to express mAb at higher levels than the IRES-mediated tricistronic vectors in both transient and stable transfections. LC and HC genes are arranged as either the first or the second cistron. Four versions of tricistronic vectors expressing IgG1 light chain (LC), IgG1 heavy chain (HC), and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in one transcript were designed to compare internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and furin-2A (F2A) for their influence on monoclonal antibody (mAb) expression level and quality in CHO DG44 cells. ![]() ![]() “Reading an author’s work is a greater compliment than ignoring it,” said one, while others claimed it was part of a greater ethos of equality, that “culture should be free to all”. Most regularly downloaded books illegally and while some felt guilty – more than one said they only pirated “big names” and when “the author isn’t on the breadline, think Lee Child” – the majority saw nothing wrong in the practice. When we asked Guardian readers to tell us about their experiences with piracy, we had more than 130 responses from readers aged between 20 and 70. Others blamed greedy authors for trying to stop them. Many use social media to ask for tips when their regular piracy website is shut down when I contacted some, those who responded always justified it by claiming they were too poor to buy books – then tell me they read them on their e-readers, smartphones or computer screens - or that their areas lacked libraries, or they found it hard to locate books in the countries where they lived. Generally, pirates tend to be from better-off socioeconomic groups, and aged between 30 and 60. The UK government’s Intellectual Property Office estimates that 1 7% of ebooks are consumed illegally. I believe real life and the internet differ.”Ībena (not her real name) is one of millions of people who use book-piracy websites to illegally download work by authors they love. She’s not a thief, though, she says: “I wouldn’t take food or clothes without paying the people who made them, because they’re physical things. She has also enjoyed the entire Percy Jackson series without paying its author, Rick Riordan, a penny. She does feel a bit bad about downloading it illegally, she says, but her mother is a single parent who can’t afford to feed her voracious love of books. Abena, who is 18, recently read Children of Blood and Bone by Tomi Adeyemi, and thought it was wonderful. |
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